Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677),Dutch philosopher. Expelled from Holland's Jewish community for his heretical views,Spinoza believed that nothing exists independently except for God,and that everything that exists does so as a part of God. In essence he considered the Universe and Nature to be God,rather than the personalised Judeo- Christian deity. His seminal work,Ethics (1677),outlined these views and has become one of the most important early modern philosophical works. Spinoza supported himself by doing lens- grinding whilst writing his philosophical works,and it was the glass dust he inhaled which caused his premature death at the age of 45 | |
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